3. Algebraic Expressions
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Chapter 4
3.
Algebraic Expressions
This lesson provides a comprehensive guide to understanding algebraic expressions, a cornerstone in the field of algebra. It introduces you to the basic elements like variables, which represent unknown quantities, and constants, which are fixed numbers. The lesson also explains the importance of coefficients, the numbers that multiply variables. Through real-world examples, such as calculating income or game scores, it shows how these elements are combined through mathematical operations like addition and subtraction to form algebraic expressions. The aim is to equip you with the skills to write and manipulate these expressions, making it easier to solve problems in academics and everyday life.
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| | 16 Theory slides |
| | 11 Exercises - Grade E - A |
| | Each lesson is meant to take 1-2 classroom sessions |
Algebraic Expressions
Slide of 16
Numerical expressions deal with combinations of mathematical operations with numbers, which are known quantities. However, sometimes it is necessary to deal with unknown quantities. This lesson will examine how to incorporate unknown quantities in expressions and how to evaluate that expression once the quantity is known.
Catch-Up and Review
Here are a few recommended readings before getting started with this lesson.
Challenge
Garage Sale to Buy a New Game
Tearrik is really excited about a game that is coming out this weekend. He decides to sell some of his stuff so that he can make enough money to buy the game.
Discussion
Variable
A variable is a symbol used to represent an unknown quantity. Often, variables represent fixed but unknown numbers. Variables are usually denoted with letters such as x.
x+1=8
Alternatively, a variable can be used to represent a quantity that changes.
Izabella’s income varies depending on thenumber of hours she works. She receives afixed salary of $100 per week plus $4 per hour.
In this case, Izabella's weekly income could be different every week, depending on the number of hours she works. Therefore, the use of a variable is appropriate. Let x be the hours that Izabella works in a week. Her income can be written by adding the fixed $100 to the $4 per hour. Izabella’s Weekly Income4x+100
Discussion
The Numbers Next to Variables
When dealing with variables, sometimes other numbers are needed to complete a mathematical idea. One type of these numbers is coefficients.
Theory
Coefficient
5x
In this case, the coefficient is 5. The coefficient is the multiplier, even if the variable is raised to some power.
2x3
In this case, the coefficient is 2. Note that a variable with a coefficient of 1 is usually written without a coefficient. 1x2=x2
Discussion
Adding Numbers to a Variable
Another type of numbers that appear with variables is called constants.
Concept
Constant
x+15
In this case, 15 is a constant. It should be noted that not every constant is written with digits. Some special constants are written with special symbols, such as the number pi, which is often written as π.Pop Quiz
Practice with Variables and Coefficients
The applet below displays different variables multiplied by coefficients. Answer the indicated question correctly.
Discussion
Algebraic Expression
An algebraic expression is a valid combination of numbers, variables, and mathematical operations. For example, in the expression 2x+3, the variable x is being multiplied by its coefficient 2, and this product is then added to the constant 3.
Discussion
Components of an Algebraic Expression
Algebraic expressions are made by adding or subtracting smaller expressions called terms.
Concept
Term - Expression
A term is an algebraic or numeric expression that does not involve addition or subtraction. An expression contains one or more terms, separated from one another by
+or
−signs.
| Mathematical Expression | Number of Terms | Terms |
|---|---|---|
| 7x | 1 | 7x |
| 8 | 1 | 8 |
| 8x−2(5) | 2 | 8x and -2(5) |
| x2+y2+4 | 3 | x2, y2, and 4 |
| 2x2−5x−122 | 3 | 2x2, -5x, and -122 |
Example
The Cost of Clothes
At his garage sale, Tearrik is selling some of his old shirts and pants.
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Hint
Remember that an algebraic expression is a combination of numbers, variables, and mathematical operations.
Solution
An algebraic expression is a combination of numbers, variables, and mathematical operations. The terms are separated by +
or −
signs. In verbal expressions, some words or phrases may imply certain math operations.
| Key Words and Phrases | |
|---|---|
| Addition | added to, plus, sum of, more than, increased by, total of and |
| Subtraction | subtracted from, minus, difference of, less than, decreased by, fewer than, take away |
| Multiplication | multiplied by, times, product of, twice |
| Division | divided by, quotient of |
Tearrik is selling the pants at $1 more thanthree times the price of a shirt.
It is time to identify the keywords in this sentence. The phrase more than indicates an addition. In this case, $1 is going to be added to some other quantity.
1+
The phrase three times represents a multiplication. In this case, it is 3 times the price of a shirt, which is s.
1+3s
There is no more information to include, so this expression represents the price of a pair of pants.
1+3s
Example
Bonus Points for a Challenge
Tearrik was able to buy the video game he desired and he started playing right away.
In the game, timed challenges reward players with bonus points for finishing them quickly. Confused about how the bonus points are rewarded, Tearrik asked his friend Magdalena about it. She told him how the bonus points work.
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Hint
Identify the variable. Then, look for keywords in Magdalena's information that indicate operations.
Solution
It is important to identify the variables before writing an algebraic expression. In Magdalena's description, the time it takes to finish the challenge can be different for different tries or different people. Since this time can change, it can be assigned to the given variable t.
Examining Magdalena's explanation, it is possible to find some of these keywords.
Time to Finish the Challenge: t
An algebraic expression is a combination of numbers, variables, and mathematical operations. The terms are separated by +or
−signs. In verbal expressions, there are words or phrases that indicate certain mathematical operations.
| Key Words and Phrases | |
|---|---|
| Addition | added to, plus, sum of, more than, increased by, total of and |
| Subtraction | subtracted from, minus, difference of, less than, decreased by, fewer than, take away |
| Multiplication | multiplied by, times, product of, twice |
| Division | divided by, quotient of |
The bonus points are halfthe difference between 400 andthe time it took to finish the challenge
The half indicates a division by 2 and the difference indicates a subtraction. Magdalena says to take half the difference. Because of this, it is convenient to write the difference first. This difference can be written by subtracting the time t from 400.
400−t
The division by 2 affects the result of the subtraction. Considering the order of operations, division operations are evaluated before subtraction. To evaluate the subtraction first, it is important to write the subtraction between parentheses.
21(400−t)
This expression can help Tearrik to determine how many bonus points he will get for however much time he takes to solve the challenge.
Discussion
Evaluating an Algebraic Expression
Evaluating an expression consists of determining the value of an expression when the variable or variables of the expression take a specific value. This is done by substituting the given value for the variable in question into the expression and then simplifying it. As an example, consider the following expression.
If an expression has more than one variable, each variable is replaced by its given value before all the required operations are performed.
2(x−1)2
This expression is going to be evaluated considering that x is equal to 5. There are two steps to follow.
1
Substitute the Given Value for x
expand_more In the expression, substitute the given value for every instance of the variable. In this case, substitute 5 for x.
After the substitution, the variable disappeared and the algebraic expression turned into a numeric expression.
2
Simplify the Expression
expand_more Now the expression can be simplified following the order of operations.
Consequently, when x is equal to 5, the given expression equals 8.
Example
Bonus Stars on Each Level
Tearrik continues to enjoy playing his new game. He is focusing on collecting the challenge stars on each level.
a Tearrik wants to collect all the stars in the game. There are 3 special stars per level. If x is the number of levels, write an expression for the numbers of stars.
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b There are 73 levels in the game. Use the expression from Part A to find the total number of stars.
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Hint
a The number of stars per level indicates a multiplication.
b Substitute the given value for the variable and evaluate the expression.
Solution
a The total number of bonus stars can be found by adding the number of stars on every level. Every level has 3 stars. Adding the number of stars of every level is the same as multiplying 3 by the number of levels, x.
x3+3+…+3=3x
b There are 73 levels in the game, meaning that x is 73.
x=73
Use this fact and evaluate the algebraic expression from Part A to find the total number of stars in the game. Notice that substituting the value for the variable changes the algebraic expression into a numerical expression.
There are 219 bonus stars in the game. Example
The Difference Between the Area and the Perimeter of a Square
After a weekend of playing his new game, Tearrik has to go to class. During math class, the teacher drew a square on the whiteboard.
The professor asked the class about the difference between the area of the square and its perimeter.
a Help Tearrik to write an algebraic expression for the difference between the area of the square and its perimeter.
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b If the side length of a square is 7, find the difference between its area and its perimeter.
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Hint
b Use the algebraic expression written in Part A. Evaluate the expression when s=7.
Solution
a Start by recalling the formulas for the area and the perimeter of a square. The area of a square is given by the square of a side. The square that Tearrik's teacher drew indicates that each side has a length of s.
Area of the Square: s2
The perimeter, on the other hand, is found by adding the length of all sides of a square. Since the four sides of the square all have a length of s, the perimeter is found by multiplying s by 4.
Perimeter of the Square: 4s
Then, to find the difference between these two values, subtract the perimeter from the area. s2−4s
b The teacher said that the side length of the square is 7. This means that s equals 7. Then, to find the difference between the area and the perimeter, evaluate the expression for the difference when s=7.
s2−4s
Substitute
s=7
72−4⋅7
CalcPow
Calculate power
49−4⋅7
Multiply
Multiply
49−28
SubTerms
Subtract terms
21
Example
Selling Shirts and Pants
While studying math, Tearrik remembered that he drew a sign to show the prices for the shirts and the pants during his garage sale.
Since Tearrik started studying algebraic expressions, he realized that he could use variables to represent the number of items of clothing he sold. He assigned s for the shirts he sold and p for the pants he sold.
a Help Tearrik write an algebraic expression for the total amount of money he made from selling shirts and pants.
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b If Tearrik sold 10 shirts and 4 pairs of pants, how much did he make?
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Hint
a Determine how much Tearrik would make from each type of clothing. Then, add these amounts to find the total.
b Substitute the appropriate values for the variables in the expression. Then, evaluate.
Solution
a Tearrik made money from selling pants and shirts. In other words, the total amount of money he made is the sum of what he got from selling shirts and pants.
Money From Shirts
Since every shirt costs $5 and he sold s shirts, the amount of money Tearrik made from them can be written as the product of 5 and s.5⋅s
Money From Pants
In a similar way, the money made from selling pairs of pants is the product of their price, $16, and the number of pairs of pants sold, p.16⋅p
Total Money Made
Finally, the expression for the total amount of money made comes from adding the two previous expressions.5s+16p
b The amount of money that Tearrik made from selling 10 shirts and 4 pairs of pants can be found by evaluating the expression.
Evaluate 5s+16p⇓ when s=10 and s=4
Substitute the values for the corresponding variables and find the value of the resulting numerical expression.
5s+16p
SubstituteII
s=10, p=4
5⋅10+16⋅4
MultII
Multiply 5 by 10
50+16⋅4
MultII
Multiply 16 by 4
50+64
AddTerms
Add terms
114
Pop Quiz
Practice Evaluating Algebraic Expressions
Consider the following variables with assigned values.
a=5c=2b=21d=14
Evaluate the given algebraic expression for the given values. Closure
Money Made From the Garage Sale
At the beginning of the lesson, Tearrik's parents decided to give him money based on what he made from selling his old clothes. How much money Tearrik made initially is unknown, but a variable can be used to represent this value. Consider x as the money Tearrik made at his sale.
Money From the Garage Sale: x
Consider what Tearrik's parents said about how much money they would give him. Keep in mind that phrases in this plan will indicate the necessary operations for writing the information as an algebraic expression.
Double the money Tearrik made and add an additional $5 extra.
The word double indicates multiplication by 2. This means that x is multiplied by 2.
2x
On the other hand, the word add indicates addition. The $5 are added to double the money Tearrik made.
2x+5
And now an expression for the total amount of money Tearrik got from his garage sale can be written, even if the initial amount is unknown. Algebraic expressions are great for writing mathematical ideas easily.
Algebraic Expressions
Exercises
Izabella is wondering how much food she feeds her two dogs.
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We are asked to write an algebraic expression to represent the number of cups of food that Izabella gives her dogs in a week. Let's first write the number of cups per day. We are given that each day she gives t and b cups to her dogs.
| Variable | |
|---|---|
| Amount of Food Given to Small Dog | t |
| Amount of Food Given to Big Dog | b |
The sum of these variables is the amount eaten in a day. t + b If we want to write how many cups she gives her dogs in two days, we need to add the expression to itself. t + b + t + b = 2(t + b) We multiplied the sum of t and b by 2 to find how many cups of food Izabella gives her dogs in two days. If we follow this logic, we need to multiply the sum by 7 to find how many cups of food she gives her dogs in a week. This is because each week has 7 days. Cups of Food Per Week: 7 (t + b) This expression can also be simplified by using the Distributive Property. 7t + 7b Now we have the expression to know how many cups of food Izabella feeds her dogs in a week.
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LaShay evaluated an algebraic expression when x=7. In her notes, a mistake can be found.
A. B. C. D. LaShay substituted incorrectly.LaShay did not follow the order of operations.LaShay made a mistake doing an operation.LaShay did not make any mistake.
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We are asked to determine what mistakes, if any, LaShay made when evaluating an algebraic expression. Let's evaluate the expression ourselves to see if there are any errors. We substitute 7 for the variable x and then evaluate the resulting numerical expression.
Comparing LaShay's work with our work, we can see that substituting the value for the variable was done correctly. The mistake was that LaShay added 7 and 8 instead of multiplying 7 by 3.
We can conclude that LaShay did not follow the order of operations. She had to multiply 7 by 3 first. Therefore, the answer is B.
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A local game store sells video game equipment.
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Let's try to write the algebraic expression ourselves. We will find how much each item costs and then we will add them. We are told that each arcade stick has a price of $ 100. Mark wants to buy a arcade sticks. This means that the amount for the arcade sticks is the product of 100 by a. Cost of Arcade Sticks 100a We know that the price of the controllers is $ 75 and that Mark wants to buy c controllers. In a similar manner, we can say that the amount for the controllers is the product of 75 by c. Cost of Controllers 75c Now we have the amounts for the arcade sticks and the controllers. Things are progressing quite well. We add the expressions to write an expression for the total amount. Total Cost 100a+ 75c This is the algebraic expression that represents how much Mark has to pay. We are done! Remember that we should always be mindful when we write the products and correctly associate the variables with the appropriate coefficients.
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A group of people are buying tickets to a theme park.
50a+26c
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We are asked for the cost of an adult ticket. We are given an algebraic expression for the total cost of tickets for a adults and c children. 50a + 26c This expression have two terms. We can see that there is a term with the variable a. 50 a + 26c We know that a represents the number of adults. This variable has a coefficient of 50. Since the expression represents the total cost, the term 50 a alone represents the cost of tickets for the adults. Cost For the Adults 50 a This cost is the product of the number of adults a and the price for each ticket. This means that each adult ticket has a price of $ 50.
We can find the term for the total cost of tickets for the children by following the same reasoning we did in Part A. This time, we need to focus on the term with the variable c.
50a + 26 c
This term is made of the variable c and the coefficient 26. Also, the term represents the cost of tickets for the adults.
Cost For the Children 26 c
This cost is the product of the number of children c and the entry price for each child. This means that each ticket has a price of $ 26.
We want to find the total cost of tickets for 4 adults and 9 children. This means that we need to evaluate the given algebraic expression when a= 4 and c = 9. Let's substitute these values and then evaluate the resulting numerical expression.
Our work indicates that the entry cost of 4 adults and 9 children is of $434.
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Algebraic Expressions
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