{{ 'ml-label-loading-course' | message }}
{{ toc.name }}
{{ toc.signature }}
{{ tocHeader }} {{ 'ml-btn-view-details' | message }}
{{ tocSubheader }}
{{ 'ml-toc-proceed-mlc' | message }}
{{ 'ml-toc-proceed-tbs' | message }}
Lesson
Exercises
Recommended
Tests
An error ocurred, try again later!
Chapter {{ article.chapter.number }}
{{ article.number }}. 

{{ article.displayTitle }}

{{ article.intro.summary }}
Show less Show more expand_more
{{ ability.description }} {{ ability.displayTitle }}
Lesson Settings & Tools
{{ 'ml-lesson-number-slides' | message : article.intro.bblockCount }}
{{ 'ml-lesson-number-exercises' | message : article.intro.exerciseCount }}
{{ 'ml-lesson-time-estimation' | message }}
This lesson will explore the use of coordinates to prove simple geometric theorems algebraically.

Catch-Up and Review

Here is some recommended reading before getting started.

Try your knowledge on these topics.

a Find the standard equation of the circle. Write the answer in the form where are the coordinates of the center, and is the radius.
circle
b Consider lines and on the coordinate plane.
There are three lines named l, m, and n with slopes 0.5, 0.5, and 0.4 and y-intercepts 0.5, 2, and -1.5, respectively.

Select all the statements that are true.

c Consider lines and on the coordinate plane.
lines
Select all the statements that are true.


Challenge

Investigating a Parallelogram in a Coordinate Plane

Without using the Pythagorean Theorem nor the Distance Formula, can it be determined whether the quadrilateral shown below is a rectangle?

quadrilateral
Example

Proving Statements Using Different Methods

In mathematics, there are usually several ways of proving or disproving a statement. The following example will explore two ways of determining whether a point is on a circle.

Ramsha and Dylan are taking Geometry together. They were asked to determine whether the point is on the circle that passes through and whose center is at the origin. They decided to do it using different methods.
Ramsha and Dylan
Use both methods to determine whether the point is on the circle.

Hint

The standard equation of the circle with center at and radius is The distance between two points with coordinates and is

Solution

Ramsha has decided to write the standard equation of the circle, and then check whether the coordinates of satisfy this equation. Conversely, Dylan has decided to use the Distance Formula. These two options will be explored one at a time.

Ramsha's Solution

As already said, Ramsha has decided first to write the standard equation of the circle and use it to see whether the point is on that circle. To do so, she will follow two steps.

  1. Find the equation of the circle.
  2. Verify whether the coordinates of the point satisfy the equation.

These steps will be done one at a time.

Finding the Equation of the Circle

The standard equation of a circle with center at and radius can be expressed.
Since the center is it is known that and Furthermore, since is on the circle, the distance between this point and the origin is the radius of the circle. This distance can be found by using the Distance Formula.
Simplify right-hand side
The radius of the circle is With this information, the standard equation of the circle can be written.
The circle with center at the origin and radius is shown below.
circle

Verifying If the Coordinates of the Point Satisfy the Equation

Finally, to determine whether point is on the circle, Ramsha will substitute and in the obtained equation. If a true statement is obtained, then the point is on the circle. Otherwise, the point is not on the circle.
Evaluate
A true statement was obtained. Therefore, Ramsha can conclude point is on the circle that passes through and whose center is the origin.

Dylan's Solution

As previously stated, Dylan has decided to use the Distance Formula. To do so, he will follow two steps.

  1. Find the radius of the circle.
  2. Verify whether the distance from the given point to the center of the circle is the same as the radius.

These steps will be done one at a time.

Finding the Radius of the Circle

Since is the center of the circle and is a point on the circle, the distance between these points is the radius of the circle.
Simplify right-hand side
Dylan found that the radius of the circle is

Calculating the Distance From the Point to the Center of the Circle

If point is on the circle, then its distance from must also be Once again, the Distance Formula can be used.
Simplify right-hand side
The distance between and is equal to which is the same as the radius of the circle. Therefore, Dylan can conclude that the point is on the circle that passes through and whose center is the origin.
circle
Example

Solving Real Life Problems Involving Triangles

Real life problems can also be solved by setting a coordinate plane and using geometric properties.

A small country has three main roads connecting the beach, the mountains, and a national park. To avoid traffic jams and car accidents during summer holidays, the government of the country is planning to build a fourth road to connect the midpoints of Road and Road

roads
Due to financial and logistic issues, building the fourth road would only be possible if it is parallel to and half the length of Road By placing the diagram on a coordinate plane, determine whether it is possible to build the new road.

Hint

After placing the diagram on a coordinate plane, use the Midpoint Formula to find the coordinates of the midpoints of Road and Road

Solution

First, the diagram will be placed on a coordinate plane.
roads
It can be seen in the above diagram that the beach, the mountains, and the national park are located at and respectively. To find the coordinates of the midpoints of Road and Road the Midpoint Formula can be used.
Midpoint Formula:
Road Points Substitute Simplify
Road and
Road and
The midpoint of Road is and the midpoint of Road is
roads
Now that the coordinates of the midpoints of Road and Road are known, the length of the new road can be calculated. Also, the length of Road will be calculated to compare their lengths. These calculations can be done by using the Distance Formula.
Distance Formula:
Points Substitute Simplify
and
and
It can be seen in the above table that the distance between points and is half the distance between points and
Therefore, the new road would be half the length of Road Finally, the last step is to check whether this new road would be parallel to road To do so, the slope between points and will be compared to the slope between points and For this, the Slope Formula can be used.
Slope Formula:
Points Substitute Simplify
and
and
It was found that the slope between and is the same as the slope between and
By the Slopes of Parallel Lines Theorem, the new road would be parallel to Road In conclusion, if the new road connects the midpoints of Road and Road then it would be parallel to Road and half its length. Therefore, it is possible to construct.
Discussion

Triangle Midsegment Theorem

The result obtained in the previous example can be generalized to any triangle.

The line segment that connects the midpoints of two sides of a triangle — also known as a midsegment — is parallel to the third side of the triangle and half its length.
Triangle ABC with the midsegment DE
If is a midsegment of then the following statement holds true.

and

Proof

Using Coordinates

This theorem can be proven by placing the triangle on a coordinate plane. For simplicity, vertex will be placed at the origin and vertex on the axis.

Triangle ABC on a coordinate plane
Since lies on the origin, its coordinates are Point is on the axis, meaning its coordinate is The remaining coordinates are unknown and can be named and
If is the midsegment from to then by the definition of a midpoint, and are the midpoints of and respectively.
ABC with midsegment DE

To prove this theorem, it must be proven that is parallel to and that is half of

If the slopes of these two segments are equal, then they are parallel. The coordinate of both and is Therefore, is a horizontal segment. Next, the coordinates of and will be found using the Midpoint Formula.

Segment Endpoints Substitute Simplify
and
and
The coordinate of both and is Therefore, is also a horizontal segment. Since all horizontal segments are parallel, it can be said that and are parallel.

Since both and are horizontal, their lengths are given by the difference of the coordinates of their endpoints.

Segment Endpoints Length Simplify
and
and
Since is half of it can be stated that the midsegment is half the length of
Therefore, a midsegment of two sides of a triangle is parallel to the third side of the triangle and half its length.
Example

Solving Real Life Problems Involving Rectangles

Not only can coordinates be used to prove properties of triangles, but also they can be used to prove properties of quadrilaterals.

Davontay lives in a neighborhood in Boston where the stadium, the amusement park, the airport, and the train station are the vertices of a quadrilateral that seems to be a parallelogram.
parallelogram
Davontay knows that to determine whether a quadrilateral is a parallelogram, it is enough with to prove that opposite sides are congruent. Additionally, he wants to determine whether the diagonals bisect each other. Help Davontay to prove or deny these statements!

Answer

See solution.

Hint

Place the diagram on a coordinate plane.

Solution

First, the diagram will be placed on a coordinate plane.
coordinate plane
Davontay wants to see whether the opposite sides are congruent, and whether the diagonals bisect each other. These two things will be done one at a time.

Opposite Sides are Congruent

In the previous diagram, it can be seen that the stadium, the amusement park, the airport, and the train station are at and respectively. These coordinates can be substituted into the Distance Formula to calculate the side lengths of the quadrilateral. The length of will be calculated first.
Evaluate right-hand side
By following the same procedure, all side lengths can be found.
Side Endpoints Substitute Simplify
and
and
and
and
By the Transitive Property of Equality, and are equal, and and are also equal.
Finally, if two segments have the same length, then they are congruent. Therefore, it can be said that the opposite sides of the quadrilateral are congruent.
This confirms that the quadrilateral is a parallelogram.

Diagonals Bisect Each Other

The diagonals of the parallelogram are the line segments that connect opposite vertices. In the diagram below, the diagonals will be drawn and their point of intersection will be plotted.
diagonals
The midpoint of a line segment is the point that divides the segment into two congruent segments. Therefore, if the diagonals intersect at their midpoint, then they bisect each other. To determine whether is the midpoint of the diagonals, the Midpoint Formula can be used. The midpoint of will be calculated first.
Evaluate
The midpoint of the diagonal is By following the same procedure, the midpoint of the diagonal can be calculated.
Diagonal Endpoints Substitute Simplify
and
and
It can be seen that the midpoint of each diagonal has coordinates Therefore, they intersect at their midpoint.
diagonals
It can be stated that the diagonals bisect each other.
Discussion

Properties of Parallelograms

The results of the previous example can be generalized to any parallelogram.

Rule

Parallelogram Opposite Sides Theorem

The opposite sides of a parallelogram are congruent.

parallelogram

In respects to the characteristics of the diagram, the following statement holds true.

Proof

Using Coordinates

This theorem can be proven by placing the parallelogram on a coordinate plane. For simplicity, vertex will be placed at the origin and vertex on the axis.

parallelogram on a coordinate plane
Since lies on the origin, its coordinates are Point is on the axis, meaning its coordinate is Let be the coordinate of Furthermore, let and be the coordinates of
Note that both and lie on the axis. Therefore, is a horizontal segment. Since opposite sides of a parallelogram are parallel, is also a horizontal segment. This means that and have the same coordinate. Let be the coordinate of
parallelogram and its vertices labeled with their coordinates
Next, the coordinate of will be determined. Since and are parallel, they have the same slope. The slope of can be found using the Slope Formula.
The slope of is By following the same procedure, the slope of can be expressed in terms of
Side Endpoints Substitute Simplify
and
and
As it has been previously stated, since and are parallel, their slopes are equal.
The above equation can be solved for
Solve for
The coordinate of is
parallelogram with its vertices in terms of a and b
Finally, by using the Distance Formula, the length of each side of the parallelogram can be calculated. The length of will be calculated first.
By following the same procedure, all the side lengths can be calculated.
Side Endpoints Substitute Simplify
and
and
and
and
By the Transitive Property of Equality, it can be said that and that
By definition of congruent segments, it can be stated that the opposite sides of a parallelogram are congruent.

Rule

Parallelogram Diagonals Theorem

In a parallelogram, the diagonals bisect each other.

If is a parallelogram, then the following statement holds true.

Proof

Using Coordinates

This theorem can be proven by placing the parallelogram on a coordinate plane. For simplicity, vertex will be placed at the origin and vertex will be placed on the axis.

parallelogram
Since lies on the origin, its coordinates are Point is on the axis, meaning its coordinate is Let be the coordinate of Furthermore, let and be the coordinates of
By the definition of a parallelogram and by the Parallelogram Opposite Sides Theorem, opposite sides of a parallelogram are parallel and congruent. With this information, it can be said that the coordinates of are
parallelogram
Knowing the coordinates of the vertices, the coordinates of the midpoint of the diagonals can be found. Use the Midpoint Formula to do so. The midpoint of will be calculated first.
Simplify
By following the same procedure, the midpoint of can also be found.
Diagonal Endpoints Substitute Simplify
and
and

The midpoints of the diagonals are the same. Therefore, the diagonals intersect at their midpoints. By the definition of a midpoint, it can be stated that and Finally, by the definition of congruent segments it can be said that and are congruent, and that and are also congruent.

Therefore, the diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.

Closure

Classifying a Parallelogram in a Coordinate Plane

The challenge presented at the beginning of this lesson can be solved by using coordinates.

Using neither the Pythagorean Theorem nor the Distance Formula, it is desired to determine whether the quadrilateral below is a rectangle.

quadrilateral

Solution

For simplicity, the vertices will be labeled and

quadrilateral
Next, the slopes of the sides will be found by using the Slope Formula. The slope of will be calculated first.
Evaluate right-hand side
By following the same procedure, the slopes of the remaining sides can be found.
Side Endpoints Substitute Simplify
and
and
and
and

By the Slopes of Perpendicular Lines Theorem, if the slopes of two line segments are opposite reciprocals, then the segments are perpendicular. The slopes of consecutive sides will be multiplied to see if they are opposite reciprocals. Recall that, in a polygon, two sides are consecutive if they share a common vertex.

Sides Product of Slopes
and
and
and
and

Since the product of their slopes is the quadrilateral's consecutive sides are perpendicular. Therefore, they form right angles. Consequently, by its definition, the quadrilateral is a rectangle.

Loading content