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If an addition or subtraction is applied to the whole function, the graph will be vertically translated.
Shifted down 3 units.
f(x)=x^2-3 If an addition or subtraction is applied to the function, the graph will be vertically translated. In the case of addition, it will be translated up. In the case of subtraction, it will be moved downwards. In the given equation, 3 is subtracted to the whole function, so the graph of the parent function will be translated three units down.