Many functions containing a variable exponent, are called exponential functions. Formally, any function that can be written in the following form is an exponential function.
y=a⋅bx
Here, the coefficient, a, is the y-intercept, which is sometimes referred to as the initial value. The base, b, can be interpreted as the constant multiplier. To ensure that y is an exponential function, there are restrictions on a and b.
If the coefficient a is 0, the function becomes a horizontal line. y=0⋅bx⇒y=0 This is a line along y=0, and thus, a linear relationship. Therefore, if a=0 the function is not exponential.
The initial value, a, of an exponential function is the number without an exponent. In this case, a=10000. The constant multiplier, b is the number with the exponent. Here, b=0.8.
The initial value is the y-value when x=0. It can also be thought of as the y-intercept of the function. Here, the initial value is 10000 so (0,10000) is a point on the graph.
When the x-value increases by 1, the y-value is multiplied by b. Since b=0.8, the y-value when x=1 is 10000⋅0.8=8000. Thus, (1,8000) also lies on the graph of the function. Similarly, the point (2,6400) lies on the graph because 8000⋅0.8=6400. These points are shown on the graph.
This process can be repeated until a general form of the graph emerges.
Lastly, the graph can be drawn by connecting the points with a smooth curve.
Graph the exponential function using the function rule and describe its key features. y=3⋅2x
The function y=3⋅2x has the initial value a=3 and the constant multiplier b=2. Let us use these values to mark four points on the function's graph.
The function can now be graphed by connecting the points with a smooth curve.
Let us now describe the function's key features.
As x→-As x→+∞,∞, y→0 y→+∞ Let us show this in the graph.
In 1976, scientists discovered a rare population of Flemish Giant rabbits in a secluded forest. Since then, they've been monitoring the population. During the five years of the study, the number of rabbits could be modeled with the exponential function shown.
Use the graph to write the rule for the function, then interpret its initial value and constant multiplier.
To write an exponential function rule, we need the initial value of the function, a, and the constant multiplier, b. y=a⋅bx Notice that the graph starts at (0,80). This means that 80 is the initial value.
Since a=80, we can write the following incomplete function rule. y=80⋅bx To determine b, we can use another point on the graph.
Exponential growth occurs when a quantity increases by the same factor over equal intervals of time. This leads to an exponential function, where the independent variable in the exponent, t, is time. y=a⋅bt Since the quantity increases over time, the constant multiplier b has to be greater than 1. Thus, the growth factor b can be expressed as b=1+r, where r is some positive number. The resulting function is called an exponential growth function.
The constant r can then be interpreted as the rate of growth, in decimal form. A value of 0.06, for instance, means that the quantity increases by 6% over every unit of time. As is the case with all exponential functions, a is the y-coordinate of the y-intercept.
Since the growth factor is greater than 1, the quantity grows faster and faster, without bound.
The counterpart of exponential growth is exponential decay; when a quantity decreases by the same factor over equal intervals of time, the constant multiplier of the exponential decay function is less than 1. This factor can be expressed as (1−r) and is known as the decay factor.
The constant r can then be interpreted as the rate of decay, in decimal form. A value of 0.12, for instance, would mean that the quantity decreases by 12% over every unit of time.
In an ideal environment, bacteria populations grow exponentially and can be modeled with an exponential growth function. The bacteria Lactobacillus acidophilus duplicates about once every hour. A single bacteria cell is placed in an ideal environment. State and interpret the constants a and r for the growth that will occur. Then, write a function rule describing this growth.
The constant a is the initial value of the quantity, in this case the number of bacteria. There was only one bacteria placed in the environment, so a is 1. The constant r is the rate of growth. Since the bacteria duplicate every hour, the amount of bacteria doubles every hour. This corresponds to an increase by 100%. Thus, r is 1. Substituting this into the rule of an exponential growth function gives P(t)=1⋅(1+1)t, which can be simplified as P(t)=2t. Since this is an exponential growth function, population will grow faster and faster, without bound. In a real environment, this would not happen, since the available space and nutrition would have to be infinite. At some point, the environment would no longer be ideal, so the growth would slow down or stop.
During a time period, the number of carps in a small lake can be modeled by the function H(t)=800⋅0.88t, where t is the time in years. State whether the function shows growth or a decay, and then find the rate of growth or decay, r. Finally, graph the function.
To begin, let's analyze the given function rule. It's written in the form y=a⋅bx, where a is the initial value and b is constant multiplier/growth factor. The constant multiplier, 0.88, is less than 1, so it is a decay factor. Therefore, the function shows decay. Since the decay factor is always equal to 1−r, we can write the equation. 0.88=1−r, which can be solved for r.
Thus, the rate of decay is 0.12, or 12%, per year. The initial value is 800, and the constant multiplier is 0.88. Using this information, we can graph the exponential decay function by plotting some points that lie on H and connecting them with a smooth curve.
When money is deposited to a savings account, interest is accrued, often yearly. Different types of interest work in different ways. When the interest earned is then added to the original amount, future interest accrues for a larger amount. This is called compound interest. To calculate the balance on the account at a specific time, an exponential growth function can be used. When the interest is compounded yearly, the balance can be modeled with a function.
y=P(1+r)t
In this context, P stands for the principal, which is the initial amount of money, and r is the interest rate in decimal form. If the interest is not compounded yearly, the function looks a little different.
y=P(1+nr)nt
The constant n is the number of times the interest is compounded per year, while r is still the annual interest rate. For an account with the principal $100 and an annual interest of 15% compounded twice a year, the growth function is:
B(t)=100(1+20.15)2t
Notice that this function grows continuously, whereas, in reality, the account balance only increases at the times of compound. Graphing the function together with the actual balance of the account will highlight how it can be used in practice.
One savings account, with a principal of $100, offers an annual interest rate of 15% compounded twice a year. Find the balance in the account after 5 years. Another savings account with the same principal will have the same balance after 5 years. However, the interest is compounded monthly. Find the interest rate of the second account.
First, we'll find the function rule describing the growth of the first account. It is given that P=100,r=0.15, and n=2. Substituting these values in the compound interest formula gives B(t)=100(1+20.15)2t. Let's simplify this function before continuing.
Since the interest will accrute for 5 years, t=5. Therefore, we can find the account balance by evaluating B(5).The account balance is $206.10 after 5 years. Now we can consider the second account. We know the balance of both accounts is equal, at least when both just had their interest compounded. This means that B(t) also describes the growth in the second account. However, since the interest in the second account accrues monthly, or 12 times a year, n=12. Thus, the exponent in the rule should be 12t. By using the equality 2t=1/6⋅12t and the power of a power property, we can rewrite B(t) so that it's possible to find the monthly interest rate. Having the exponent 12t means that the base of the power is equal to the monthly growth factor, which we can then use to find the monthly interest rate.
We find an approximate monthly growth factor 1.012, which corresponds to a rate of growth that is 0.012. Thus, the monthly interest rate is roughly 1.2%.