Concept

Numerical Data

Numerical data is data that is measurable, such as time, speed and distance. It is described with numbers that can be either discrete or continuous. When the data is continuous, in theory, there are infinitely many possibilities.

Concept

Measure of Center

A measure of center is a statistic that summarize a data set by finding its center. The most common measures of center are mean, median and mode.

Concept

Mean

The mean or average of a data set is one representation of the center of the data set. It is one measure of center. The others are the median and the mode. To calculate the mean, add all the data points together, then divide by the number of data points.

mean $=\dfrac{\text{sum of values}}{\text{number of values}}$

Suppose a data set represents the heights of different towers. The mean of this data set gives an idea of a typical height. Calculating the mean could be seen as rearragning the blocks so that all the towers have the same height.

Animate the mean value

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After the blocks are rearranged, the towers each have a height of $4.$ Therefore, the mean is $4.$ If the heights are written as $x$ , then the mean is sometimes written as $\bar{x}.$ The towers' mean height can then be written as $\bar{x}=4.$

Find the mean

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Exercise

When on vacation in Mexico, Peter finds a rose species he has never seen before. He decides to study how many petals each flower has. The result of his study is this. $10,\; 14,\; 11,\; 9,\; 16$ How many petals do the flowers on average have?

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Solution

In order to determine the mean, we need to add all the data points together. Then we divide the sum by the total number of points, which in this case is

5.

\bar{x} = \dfrac{10 + 14 + 11 + 9 + 16}{5}

AddTermsAdd terms

\bar{x} = \dfrac{60}{5}

UseCalcUse a calculator

\bar{x} = 12

The mean is

12.

Thus, on average the roses have

12

petals each.

Concept

Measure of Spread

A measure of spread is a way of quantifying how spread out, or different, the points in a data set are. A small spread means data points are similar, while a large spread means they are different. This is illustrated by the two data sets below. Both have a mean, median and mode of $3,$ but, we can assume the second data set has a larger spread because of how different its data points are.

Some commonly used measures of spread are range, mean absolute deviation, standard deviation, and interquartile range. These are often used together with a measure of center, to give an idea both of what a typical value is and how much the data can be expected to deviate from it.

Rule

Standard Deviation

Standard deviation is a commonly used measure of spread. It is a measure of how much a randomly selected value from a data set is expected to differ from the mean. To denote the standard deviation, the Greek letter $\sigma$ is used, which is read as "sigma."To calculate a standard deviation, the rule $\sigma = \sqrt{ \dfrac{ (x_1 - \bar{x})^2 + (x_2 - \bar{x})^2 + \ldots + (x_n - \bar{x})^2}{n} }$ is used, where $n$ is the number of values in the data set and $\bar{x}$ is the mean of the set.

Method

Finding the Standard Deviation of a Data Set

The standard deviation, $\sigma,$ of a data set is calculated using the rule $\sigma = \sqrt{ \dfrac{ (x_1 - \bar{x})^2 + (x_2 - \bar{x})^2 + \ldots + (x_n - \bar{x})^2}{n} },$ where $n$ is the number of values in the data set and $\bar{x}$ is the mean of the set. Performing this calculation in one step makes for a convoluted expression. Therefore, it is best divided into a few, smaller steps. Consider the following data set as an example. $1, 5, 3, 8, 3, 12$

1

Find the mean,

\bar{x}

First, the mean, $\bar{x},$ should be calculated. The example data set has $6$ values, so the denominator is $6.$

\bar{x} = \dfrac{1 + 5 + 3 + 8 + 3 + 12}{6}

AddTermsAdd terms

\bar{x} = \dfrac{32}{6}

CalcQuotCalculate quotient

\bar{x} = 4

2

Find the deviation of each data value,

x - \bar{x}

For each data value, $x - \bar{x}$ can now be calculated and added to a table. This shows how much each data point varies from the mean.

$x$	$x - \bar{x}$
$1$	$1 - 4 = \text{-} 3$
$5$	$5 - 4 = 1$
$3$	$3 - 4 = \text{-} 1$
$8$	$8 - 4 = 4$
$3$	$3 - 4 = \text{-} 1$
$12$	$12 - 4 = 8$

3

Square the deviations

Square the deviations, and add them to a new column in the table.

$x$	$x - \bar{x}$	$(x - \bar{x})^2$
$1$	$\text{-} 3$	$(\text{-} 3)^2 = 9$
$5$	$1$	$1^2 = 1$
$3$	$\text{-} 1$	$(\text{-} 1)^2 = 1$
$8$	$4$	$4^2 = 16$
$3$	$\text{-} 1$	$(\text{-} 1)^2 = 1$
$12$	$8$	$8^2 = 64$

4

Find the mean of the squared deviations

The squared deviations should be added and divided by the number of data values. In other words, the mean of the squared deviations is found.

\dfrac{9 + 1 + 1 + 16 + 1 + 64}{6}

AddTermsAdd terms

\dfrac{92}{6}

CalcQuotCalculate quotient

15.33333 \ldots

RoundDecRound to

15.33

This value is called the variance of the data set.

5

Square-root the mean of the squared deviations

Finally, take the square root of the just found quotient to get the standard deviation. Here, the fraction is used instead of the quotient, to avoid rounding errors. $\sigma = \sqrt{ \dfrac{92}{6} } \approx 3.92$ Thus, a randomly chosen value from this data set is expected to deviate roughly $4$ units from the mean.

Calculating Mean and Standard Deviation

Numerical Data

Measure of Center

Mean

Example

Find the mean

Measure of Spread

Standard Deviation

Finding the Standard Deviation of a Data Set

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