Big Ideas Math Geometry, 2014
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Big Ideas Math Geometry, 2014 View details
5. Permutations and Combinations
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Exercise 24 Page 704

Start by listing all of the permutations. Then, to obtain the combinations cross out any duplicate quadruplets.

5

Practice makes perfect
We want to count the possible combinations of 4 letters chosen from the list D, E, F, G, H. Let's start by listing all of the permutations of 4 letters from the list. Permutations [0.8em] DEFG DEFH DEGF DEGH DEHF DEHG DFEG DFEH DFGE DFGH DFHE DFHG DGEF DGEH DGFE DGFH DGHE DGHF DHEF DHEG DHFE DHFG DHGE DHGF [0.8em] EDFG EDFH EDGF EDGH EDHF EDHG EFDG EFDH EFGD EFGH EFHD EFHG EGDF EGDH EGFD EGFH EGHD EGHF EHDF EHDG EHFD EHFG EHGD EHGF [0.8em] FDEG FDEH FDGE FDGH FDHE FDHG FEDG FEDH FEGD FEGH FEHD FEHG FGDE FGDH FGED FGEH FGHD FGHE FHDE FHDG FHED FHEG FHGD FHGE [0.8em] GDEF GDEH GDFE GDFH GDHE GDHF GEDF GEDH GEFD GEFH GEHD GEHF GFDE GFDH GFED GFEH GFHD GFHE GHDE GHDF GHED GHEF GHFD GHFE [0.8em] HDEF HDEG HDFE HDFG HDGE HDGF HEDF HEDG HEFD HEFG HEGD HEGF HFDE HFDG HFED HFEG HFGD HFGE HGDE HGDF HGED HGEF HGFD HGFE

Now, because the order is not important in a combination, we will cross out any duplicate quadruplets. Keep in mind that any outcome with the same letters, regardless of the order, is the same quadruplet. For example, DEFG and DEGF are the same quadruplet. \begin{gathered} {\color{#A800DD}{\text{DEFG}}} \quad {\color{#FD9000}{\text{DEFH}}} \quad {\color{#A800DD}{\cancel\text{DEGF}}} \quad {\color{#FF0000}{\text{DEGH}}} \quad {\color{#FD9000}{\cancel\text{DEHF}}} \quad {\color{#FF0000}{\cancel\text{DEHG}}}\\ {\color{#A800DD}{\cancel\text{DFEG}}} \quad {\color{#FD9000}{\cancel\text{DFEH}}} \quad {\color{#A800DD}{\cancel\text{DFGE}}} \quad {\color{#009600}{\text{DFGH}}} \quad {\color{#FD9000}{\cancel\text{DFHE}}} \quad {\color{#009600}{\cancel\text{DFHG}}}\\ {\color{#A800DD}{\cancel\text{DGEF}}} \quad {\color{#FF0000}{\cancel\text{DGEH}}} \quad {\color{#A800DD}{\cancel\text{DGFE}}} \quad {\color{#009600}{\cancel\text{DGFH}}} \quad {\color{#FF0000}{\cancel\text{DGHE}}} \quad {\color{#009600}{\cancel\text{DGHF}}}\\ {\color{#FD9000}{\cancel\text{DHEF}}} \quad {\color{#FF0000}{\cancel\text{DHEG}}} \quad {\color{#FD9000}{\cancel\text{DHFE}}} \quad {\color{#009600}{\cancel\text{DHFG}}} \quad {\color{#FF0000}{\cancel\text{DHGE}}} \quad {\color{#009600}{\cancel\text{DHGF}}}\\[0.8em] {\color{#A800DD}{\cancel\text{EDFG}}} \quad {\color{#FD9000}{\cancel\text{EDFH}}} \quad {\color{#A800DD}{\cancel\text{EDGF}}} \quad {\color{#FF0000}{\cancel\text{EDGH}}} \quad {\color{#FD9000}{\cancel\text{EDHF}}} \quad {\color{#FF0000}{\cancel\text{EDHG}}}\\ {\color{#A800DD}{\cancel\text{EFDG}}} \quad {\color{#FD9000}{\cancel\text{EFDH}}} \quad {\color{#A800DD}{\cancel\text{EFGD}}} \quad {\color{#0000FF}{\text{EFGH}}} \quad {\color{#FD9000}{\cancel\text{EFHD}}} \quad {\color{#0000FF}{\cancel\text{EFHG}}}\\ {\color{#A800DD}{\cancel\text{EGDF}}} \quad {\color{#FF0000}{\cancel\text{EGDH}}} \quad {\color{#A800DD}{\cancel\text{EGFD}}} \quad {\color{#0000FF}{\cancel\text{EGFH}}} \quad {\color{#FF0000}{\cancel\text{EGHD}}} \quad {\color{#0000FF}{\cancel\text{EGHF}}}\\ {\color{#FD9000}{\cancel\text{EHDF}}} \quad {\color{#FF0000}{\cancel\text{EHDG}}} \quad {\color{#FD9000}{\cancel\text{EHFD}}} \quad {\color{#0000FF}{\cancel\text{EHFG}}} \quad {\color{#FF0000}{\cancel\text{EHGD}}} \quad {\color{#0000FF}{\cancel\text{EHGF}}}\\[0.8em] {\color{#A800DD}{\cancel\text{FDEG}}} \quad {\color{#FD9000}{\cancel\text{FDEH}}} \quad {\color{#A800DD}{\cancel\text{FDGE}}} \quad {\color{#009600}{\cancel\text{FDGH}}} \quad {\color{#FD9000}{\cancel\text{FDHE}}} \quad {\color{#009600}{\cancel\text{FDHG}}}\\ {\color{#A800DD}{\cancel\text{FEDG}}} \quad {\color{#FD9000}{\cancel\text{FEDH}}} \quad {\color{#A800DD}{\cancel\text{FEGD}}} \quad {\color{#0000FF}{\cancel\text{FEGH}}} \quad {\color{#FD9000}{\cancel\text{FEHD}}} \quad {\color{#0000FF}{\cancel\text{FEHG}}}\\ {\color{#A800DD}{\cancel\text{FGDE}}} \quad {\color{#009600}{\cancel\text{FGDH}}} \quad {\color{#A800DD}{\cancel\text{FGED}}} \quad {\color{#0000FF}{\cancel\text{FGEH}}} \quad {\color{#009600}{\cancel\text{FGHD}}} \quad {\color{#0000FF}{\cancel\text{FGHE}}}\\ {\color{#FD9000}{\cancel\text{FHDE}}} \quad {\color{#009600}{\cancel\text{FHDG}}} \quad {\color{#FD9000}{\cancel\text{FHED}}} \quad {\color{#0000FF}{\cancel\text{FHEG}}} \quad {\color{#009600}{\cancel\text{FHGD}}} \quad {\color{#0000FF}{\cancel\text{FHGE}}}\\[0.8em] {\color{#A800DD}{\cancel\text{GDEF}}} \quad {\color{#FF0000}{\cancel\text{GDEH}}} \quad {\color{#A800DD}{\cancel\text{GDFE}}} \quad {\color{#009600}{\cancel\text{GDFH}}} \quad {\color{#FF0000}{\cancel\text{GDHE}}} \quad {\color{#009600}{\cancel\text{GDHF}}}\\ {\color{#A800DD}{\cancel\text{GEDF}}} \quad {\color{#FF0000}{\cancel\text{GEDH}}} \quad {\color{#A800DD}{\cancel\text{GEFD}}} \quad {\color{#0000FF}{\cancel\text{GEFH}}} \quad {\color{#FF0000}{\cancel\text{GEHD}}} \quad {\color{#0000FF}{\cancel\text{GEHF}}}\\ {\color{#A800DD}{\cancel\text{GFDE}}} \quad {\color{#009600}{\cancel\text{GFDH}}} \quad {\color{#A800DD}{\cancel\text{GFED}}} \quad {\color{#0000FF}{\cancel\text{GFEH}}} \quad {\color{#009600}{\cancel\text{GFHD}}} \quad {\color{#0000FF}{\cancel\text{GFHE}}}\\ {\color{#FF0000}{\cancel\text{GHDE}}} \quad {\color{#009600}{\cancel\text{GHDF}}} \quad {\color{#FF0000}{\cancel\text{GHED}}} \quad {\color{#0000FF}{\cancel\text{GHEF}}} \quad {\color{#009600}{\cancel\text{GHFD}}} \quad {\color{#0000FF}{\cancel\text{GHFE}}}\\[0.8em] {\color{#FD9000}{\cancel\text{HDEF}}} \quad {\color{#FF0000}{\cancel\text{HDEG}}} \quad {\color{#FD9000}{\cancel\text{HDFE}}} \quad {\color{#009600}{\cancel\text{HDFG}}} \quad {\color{#FF0000}{\cancel\text{HDGE}}} \quad {\color{#009600}{\cancel\text{HDGF}}}\\ {\color{#FD9000}{\cancel\text{HEDF}}} \quad {\color{#FF0000}{\cancel\text{HEDG}}} \quad {\color{#FD9000}{\cancel\text{HEFD}}} \quad {\color{#0000FF}{\cancel\text{HEFG}}} \quad {\color{#FF0000}{\cancel\text{HEGD}}} \quad {\color{#0000FF}{\cancel\text{HEGF}}}\\ {\color{#FD9000}{\cancel\text{HFDE}}} \quad {\color{#009600}{\cancel\text{HFDG}}} \quad {\color{#FD9000}{\cancel\text{HFED}}} \quad {\color{#0000FF}{\cancel\text{HFEG}}} \quad {\color{#009600}{\cancel\text{HFGD}}} \quad {\color{#0000FF}{\cancel\text{HFGE}}}\\ {\color{#FF0000}{\cancel\text{HGDE}}} \quad {\color{#009600}{\cancel\text{HGDF}}} \quad {\color{#FF0000}{\cancel\text{HGED}}} \quad {\color{#0000FF}{\cancel\text{HGEF}}} \quad {\color{#009600}{\cancel\text{HGFD}}} \quad {\color{#0000FF}{\cancel\text{HGFE}}} \end{gathered} Let's finally list the possible combinations. Combinations DEFG DEFH DEGH DFGH EFGH We see that there are 5 possible combinations of 4 letters chosen from the list D, E, F, G, H.