The common transformations can be applied to radical functions as usual. By adding some number to every function value, a function's graph is translated vertically. A graph is translated horizontally by subtracting a number from the input of the function rule. Note that the number, $h,$ is subtracted and not added. This is so that a positive $h$ leads to a translation to the right, which is the positive $x$-direction. A function is reflected in the $x$-axis by changing the sign of all function values: Graphically, all points on the graph move to the opposite side of the $x$-axis, while maintaining their distance to the $x$-axis. A graph is instead reflected in the $y$-axis by moving all points on the graph to the opposite side of the $y$-axis. This occurs by changing the sign of the input of the function. Notice that the $y$-intercept is preserved. A function graph is vertically stretched or shrunk by multiplying the function rule by some constant $a>0$: All vertical distances from the graph to the $x$-axis are changed by the factor $a.$ Thus, preserving any $x$-intercepts. By instead multiplying the input of a function rule by some constant $a>0,$ its graph will be horizontally stretched or shrunk by the factor $\frac{1}{a}.$ Since the $x$-value of $y$-intercepts is $0,$ they are not affected by this transformation.