Concept

Universal Set

A universal set, denoted as U or E, is a set that contains all of the elements of the related sets. This means that all the related sets are subsets of the universal set.

Universal set

The exact definition of a universal set can be determined according to the context. Several examples are shown in the table.

Set A Set B Universal Set U
{ Amsterdam, Buenos Aires, Madrid, Paris, Doha } { Berlin } Capital cities of the world
{ Blue, Yellow } { Green, Purple, Black } Colors
{0,1,2,3,... } {...,-3,-2,-1 } Integer numbers

Note that the union of two or more sets is not always the same as the universal set. Consider the following example. U&={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9} A&={1,2,3} B&={3,4,5,6} A ⋃ B&={1,2,3,4,5,6} As seen, the elements 7, 8, and 9 belong to the universal set but do not belong to A⋃ B.

Exercises
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