{{ toc.name }}
{{ toc.signature }}
{{ toc.name }} {{ 'ml-btn-view-details' | message }}
{{ stepNode.name }}
{{ 'ml-toc-proceed' | message }}
Lesson
Exercises
Recommended
Tests
An error ocurred, try again later!
Chapter {{ article.chapter.number }}
{{ article.number }}. 

{{ article.displayTitle }}

{{ article.intro.summary }}
{{ 'ml-btn-show-less' | message }} {{ 'ml-btn-show-more' | message }} expand_more
{{ 'ml-heading-abilities-covered' | message }}
{{ ability.description }} {{ ability.displayTitle }}

{{ 'ml-heading-lesson-settings' | message }}

{{ 'ml-lesson-show-solutions' | message }}
{{ 'ml-lesson-show-hints' | message }}
{{ 'ml-lesson-number-slides' | message : article.intro.bblockCount}}
{{ 'ml-lesson-number-exercises' | message : article.intro.exerciseCount}}
{{ 'ml-lesson-time-estimation' | message }}
This lesson will define the concept of a radical function and explain how to draw its graph. Furthermore, a radical inequality in two variables will also be defined, and an explanation on how to graph it on a coordinate plane will be provided.

Catch-Up and Review

Here are a few recommended readings before getting started with this lesson.

Explore

Reflecting the Graph of a Quadratic Function

It is known that and are inverse functions. Therefore, the graph of can be drawn by reflecting the graph of over the line In the applet, the graphs of these functions can be seen for values of greater than or equal to
Interactive graph showing quadratic and square root functions
What is the range of the functions? What happens if the domain of and is not restricted to only non-negative values?

Discussion

Radical Functions and Square Root Functions

Functions are usually named after the algebraic expression that defines them.

Example function Type of expression Name of the function
Constant Constant function
Linear Linear function
Quadratic Quadratic function

The same holds true to those functions whose function rule is a radical expression.

Concept

Radical Function

A radical function is a function in which the independent variable is in the radicand of a radical expression or has a rational exponent.

Variable in a Radicand Variable with a Rational Exponent

Recall that a root with an even index and a negative radicand is not a real number. Therefore, if the index of the radical is even, then the radicand must be non-negative. By following the same reasoning, if the denominator of the rational exponent is even, then the base of the power must be non-negative. The domain of a radical function can be determined with this information.

Concept

Square Root Function

A radical function in which the index of the radical is is also called a square root function. The parent function of the square root function family is

Because the square root of a negative number is not a real number, the radicand in a square root function must be non-negative. Therefore, the domain of can be defined as all real numbers greater than or equal to The square root of a non-negative number is also non-negative, which leads to the range of this function being all real numbers greater than or equal to

Discussion

Domain and Range of Even Indexed Radical Functions

The domain and range of radical functions depend on the index of the radical expression. The radicand of a root with an even index must be non-negative. So, to find the domain of any even indexed radical function, set the radicand greater than or equal to The solution set of this inequality is the domain of the function. Consider an example radical function.
Set the radicand greater than or equal to to find the domain.
Solve for
The domain is the set of all real numbers less than or equal to With this information in mind, a table of values can be made.

Next, the points obtained in the table can be plotted on a coordinate plane and connected with a smooth curve.

radical funtion with an even index
The graph shows that the minimum value for is Also, tends to infinity as tends to negative infinity. Therefore, the range of the function is the set of all real numbers greater than or equal to
In general, to find the range of an even-indexed radical function, keep in mind that the least value for an root when is even is Consider, for example, the function where and are real numbers.
  • If then the range of the function is the set of all real numbers greater than or equal to
  • If the range of the function is the set of real numbers less than or equal to

This information can be summarized in a table.

when is even
Sign of Range
Positive
Negative

Example

Football and Square Root Functions

Vincenzo is practicing for his first game as a quarterback. To help him, his friend Mark stands on a car and they pass the ball to each other.
friends playing ball
External credits: @freepik
Mark throws the ball on a straight line. Conversely, to make it harder for the opposite team to intercept the ball, Vincenzo throws it following the path of a radical function.
Find the domain and range of this function and draw its graph by making a table of values. Determine its and intercepts and end behavior.

Answer

Domain:
Range:
Graph:

radical function

-intercept:
-intercept:
End Behavior: and

Hint

The radicand of a square root must be non-negative.

Solution

Since the index of the radical expression on the right-hand side of the equation is the given radical function is a square root function. Therefore, the radicand must be non-negative.
This means that the domain of the function is the set of all real numbers greater than or equal to To determine its range, let's compare the given function to the general form of a square root function.
Since is positive, the range of the function is all real numbers greater than or equal to To determine the intercepts and end behavior, the function will be first drawn on a coordinate plane. To do so, a make a table of values. Be careful to use only values that belong to the domain in the table!

Next, the obtained points can be plotted and connected with a smooth curve.

radical function

From the graph, it is seen that the intercept and the intercept both occur at the origin. It can also be seen that this function increases over its entire domain and that tends to infinity as tends to infinity. With this information, the desired characteristics can be written. Recall that the domain and range are both all non-negative real numbers!

Domain
Range
intercept
intercept
End Behavior and

Discussion

Cube Root Functions

A radical function in which the index of the radical is is also called a cube root function. The parent function of the cube root function family is

It is worth noting that the cube root is defined for all real numbers. This means that the domain of is the set of all real numbers. Furthermore, any real number can be written as the cube root of a number. This leads to the range of this function being all real numbers.

Discussion

Domain and Range of Odd Indexed Radical Functions

A root that has an odd index is defined for all real numbers. Therefore, the domain of any odd indexed radical function is the set of all real numbers. Furthermore, because this type of function is monotonic, the range of an odd-indexed radical function is also the set of all real numbers. Consider an example function.
A table can be made to find ordered pairs. Recall that the variable can take any real value.

The obtained points can now be plotted and connected with a smooth curve.

radical function with an odd index

The graph shows that tends to infinity as tends to infinity and that tends to negative infinity as tends to negative infinity. Therefore, the range of the function is the set of all real numbers.

Example

Football and Cube Root Functions

Tonight is Vincenzo's first game as a quarterback! Right before the game, he discovered that a pass is more precise and harder to intercept if the ball follows the path of a cube root function. Vincenzo decides to try this in the game.
football
External credits: DanielPenfield
According to his calculations, the optimal path for the ball is described by the following radical function.
Find the domain and range of this function, and draw its graph by making a table of values. Determine its and intercepts and end behavior.

Answer

Domain: All real numbers
Range: All real numbers
Graph:

cube root function

-intercept:
-intercept:
End Behavior: and

Hint

The radicand of a cube root can be any real number.

Solution

The radicand of a cube root can be any real number. Therefore, the domain of the function is the set of all real numbers. To determine the range, intercepts, and end behavior, the function will be first drawn on a coordinate plane. To do so, a make a table of values using both positive and negative values!

Next, the calculated points can be plotted and connected with a smooth curve.

cube root function

The graph suggests that the range is the set of all real numbers. It shows that the intercept occurs at and the intercept at It can also be seen that tends to negative infinity as tends to negative infinity, and that tends to infinity as tends to infinity. With this information, the desired characteristics can be written.

Domain All real numbers
Range All real numbers
intercept
intercept
End Behavior and

Pop Quiz

Finding the Domain and Range of Radical Functions

Find the domain and the range of the given radical function.

Find domain and range

Discussion

Radical Inequalities

A radical inequality in two variables is an inequality that contains an radical expression and shows the relationship between two variables. A radical inequality in two variables is similar to a radical equation in two variables. The difference is that instead of an equals sign, the inequality contains a less than, less than or equal to, greater than, or greater than or equal to sign.
examples
While the graph of a radical equation is a curve, the graph of a two-variable radical inequality is a region on the plane. When graphing a two-variable radical inequality, its boundary curve plays an important role.
equation and inequality

It is worth noting that radical inequalities in two variables can be graphed the same way as any other inequality in two variables.

Method

Graphing a Radical Inequality in Two Variables

The steps for graphing a radical inequality in two variables are similar to the steps for graphing other types of inequalities. The general method is to draw the graph of the boundary curve and then determine the region to be shaded by testing a point. The following inequality will be drawn as an example.
To draw the graph of this inequality, the following steps can be followed.
1
Graph the Boundary Curve
expand_more
The boundary curve of the inequality can be determined by replacing the inequality symbol with an equals sign.
The graph of the boundary curve can be drawn using a table of values. To make the calculations easier, first the variable will be isolated.
Note that the index of the root on the right-hand side of the equation is odd. Therefore, the domain of the function is the set of all real numbers. With this information in mind, the make the table of values, making sure to include positive and negative values.

Plot the points and draw the boundary curve. Since the given inequality is strict, the boundary curve will be dashed.

boundary curve
2
Test a Point
expand_more
Next, the region that represents the solution set for the inequality needs to be determined. To do so, choose an arbitrary point not on the boundary curve and substitute it into the original inequality. Since is not on the boundary, it can be used as a test point.
Evaluate right-hand side
Because a false statement was obtained, the region that does not contain will be shaded.
3
Shade the Region
expand_more

The region above the curve should be shaded.

inequality

Example

Football and Cube Root Inequalities

Thanks to his knowledge of radical functions, Vincenzo is continuously improving his performance at football.

Quarterback.jpeg

When passing the ball, he realized that if the ball is above the path described by a radical function, opposing players are not able to intercept it. All in all, Vincenzo wants his passes to satisfy the following radical inequality.
Graph this inequality on a coordinate plane.

Answer

radical inequality

Hint

A radical inequality can be graphed by drawing the boundary curve, testing a point, and shading the corresponding region.

Solution

The first step to graph a radical inequality is to draw the boundary curve. The equation for this curve is written by replacing the inequality sign with an equals sign.
To graph the equation, the radical expression must be first isolated.
Because the index of the root is this radical function is a cube root function. Therefore, the domain for this function is the set of all real numbers. With this information in mind, a make a table of values to find points on the curve, using both positive and negative values for the variable

Next, the points obtained in the table can be plotted and connected with a smooth curve. Because the given inequality is a strict inequality, the curve will be dashed.

boundary curve
Now the correct region must be shaded. To determine which region to shade, a point not on the boundary curve will be tested. The point seems like the easiest choice.
Evaluate
The point satisfies the given inequality. Therefore, the region that contains this point will be shaded.
radical inequality

Example

Football and Square Root Inequalities

Vincenzo's knowledge about radical functions and inequalities led his team to the regional finals!

championship
For the final game, Vincenzo realized that if the ball is thrown along or above the curve of a square root function, his passes will never be intercepted by an opponent. This means that his team can win the regional championship and qualify for state! Consider the following inequality.
Graph this inequality on a coordinate plane.

Answer

radical inequality

Hint

To graph the inequality, start by drawing the boundary curve. Then, test a point not on the curve and shade the corresponding region.

Solution

To graph the inequality, start by drawing the boundary curve. To find the boundary curve, replace the inequality sign with an equals sign.
To graph the function, a table of values can be used. However, the domain of the function must be found first. To do so, recall that the radicand of a square root must be greater than or equal to
The domain of the function is the set of all real numbers greater than or equal to Now the make the table of values, keeping in mind that only values that belong to the domain can be used.

The points can be plotted and connected with a smooth curve. Remember that since the inequality is not strict, the curve will be solid.

radical function
Finally, the correct region should be shaded. To determine which region to shade, a point not on the curve must be tested. The point looks like a good choice. This point will be evaluated in the given inequality.
Evaluate right-hand side
The test point does not satisfy the inequality. Therefore, the region that does not contain this point should be shaded. Keep in mind that the domain of the related function is the set of real numbers greater than or equal to Therefore, to shade the region, only the values greater than must be considered.
radical inequality

Closure

Comparing Radical Functions with Even and Odd Indices

This lesson explored the concept of radical functions. In particular, it has been seen that the domain of odd-indexed radical functions is the set of all real numbers. Conversely, the domain of even-indexed radical functions is the set of real numbers that make the radicand greater than or equal to zero.
even and odd indexed radical funtions

The difference in the domain of each type of function is reflected in its graph.

Odd-Indexed Radical Functions

The domain of this type of function is the set of all real numbers. Therefore, the corresponding graph extends from negative infinity to positive infinity on the horizontal axis.
odd indexed functions

Even-Indexed Radical Functions

As already stated, the domain of this type of function is the set of all real numbers that makes the radicand non-negative. This means that the corresponding graph does not extend from negative infinity to positive infinity on the horizontal axis. The graph instead starts at a certain value.

even indexed functions